延續性動(dòng)詞與終止性動(dòng)詞：
動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式，動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(cháng)短，分為延續性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。
延續性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)詞是一種延續的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)詞可以延續下去或產(chǎn)生持久的影響。如：learn，work，stand，lie，know，walk，keep， have，wait，watch，sing，read，sleep，live終止性動(dòng)詞也稱(chēng)非延續性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞，表示的動(dòng)作不能延續，即動(dòng)作發(fā)生立即結束，產(chǎn)生某種結果。在有了某種結果之后，就不能再繼續下去。如：leave，start，set out，arrive，reach，get to，begin， stop，shut，turn off，marry，put，put on，get up，wake，fall，join，receive， finish，end，complete，become，come，go，die，close，open，break，give， jump，buy，borrow等。
1．終止性動(dòng)詞的用法
1）終止性動(dòng)詞可用來(lái)表示某一動(dòng)作的完成，因此可用于現在完成時(shí)。如：The plane has arrived飛機到了。
I have finished my homework．我已完成了作業(yè)。
2）終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續，所以其現在完成時(shí)（只限于肯定式）不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
①他死了三年了。誤：He has died for three years．
②他來(lái)這兒三個(gè)月了。誤：he has come here for three months．
①②兩句中的動(dòng)詞die和come都為終止性動(dòng)詞，它們可用于完成時(shí)，但不能同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)for three years ／months連用。
那這兩句如何譯成英語(yǔ)呢？
我們可采用下列方法：
A．用能夠表示持續狀態(tài)的相應的延續性動(dòng)詞替換句中的終止性動(dòng)詞。
如：①He has been dead for three years．
②He has been here for three months．
將短暫性動(dòng)詞改為相應的延續性動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)和一段時(shí)間連用，其常用的方法有如下幾種：
a．用相應的延續性動(dòng)詞替換的主要有：
buy→have，borrow→ keep，come ／go ／become→be，catch ／get a cold→have a cold，get to know→know等。
b．be＋名詞：join the Party ／League→be a Party ／League member， go to school→be a student，join the army→be a soldier等。
c．be＋形容詞／副詞：die→be dead，leave→be away（from），put on→be on，finish ／end→be over，begin ／start→be on，come→be here ／ in，fall asleep→be asleep，go out→be out等。
d．be＋介詞短語(yǔ)：go to school→be in ／at school，join the army→ be in the army等。e．去掉短語(yǔ)中的短暫性動(dòng)詞：get to know→know，come to work→work，begin to study→study等。
B．把誤句中表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)改為表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，原動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)改為過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
①He died three years ago．
②He came here three months ago．
C．用“It is ／has been ＋一段時(shí)間＋since（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）”結構。如：①I(mǎi)t is ／has been three years since he died．
②It is ／has been three months since he came here．
D．用“多長(cháng)時(shí)間＋has passed ＋since（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）”結構。如：①Three years has passed since he died．
②Three months has passed since he came here．
3）終止性動(dòng)詞現在完成時(shí)的否定式，已成為一種可以延續的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如： I haven't heard from him for two weeks．我已兩個(gè)星期沒(méi)收到他的信了.
4）終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式同until一起連用，構成“not．．．until”結構，意為“直到……才……”，
表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作直到until所表達的時(shí)間到來(lái)時(shí)才發(fā)生。如：
We won't go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops．
直到雨停了我們才會(huì )去參觀(guān)長(cháng)城。
—When did you go to bed last night？昨晚你幾點(diǎn)鐘點(diǎn)上床睡覺(jué)的？
—I didn't go to bed until my father got home．直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡覺(jué)。
5）在while（表示“一段時(shí)間”）引導的從句中，不能用終止性動(dòng)詞，但when可以，因為when可表示“時(shí)間的點(diǎn)”，也可表示“一段時(shí)間”。
如：誤：While I got to the village，it was dark．
正：When I got to the village，it was dark．
6）終止性動(dòng)詞肯定式的完成時(shí)不能和how long連用。
如：誤：How long have you borrow the book？
可改用延續性動(dòng)詞或與when連用的一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
正：How long have you kept the book？
正：When did you borrow the book？
2．延續性動(dòng)詞的用法
1）延續性動(dòng)詞可以用于現在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)可以同一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
如：I have waited for him for nearly two hours．我等他快兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
2）終止性動(dòng)詞不能和表一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。同樣，延續性動(dòng)詞也不能和表示短暫時(shí)間的時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用。
如： 誤：It rained at eight yesterday morning． rain為延續性動(dòng)詞，而at eight是表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)，顯然矛盾。
如果要用延續性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的行為，可以借助come，get， begin等終止性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表達。
上句可改為： It began to rain at eight yesterday morning．
3）在until引導的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是持續性動(dòng)詞，既可以用肯定形式，也可以用否定形式，但句子含義不同。
試比較：
She listened to the radio until her father came back．
她一直聽(tīng)收音機到她父親回來(lái)。
She didn't listen to the radio until her father came back．
直到她父親回來(lái)才聽(tīng)收音機。
【強化訓練】 （1）My brother ____ the Youth League for two years．
A．has been inB．has entered C．has taken part inD．has joined in
⑵—____have you been away from home？
—（I have been away from home）For five years．
A．How muchB．What time C．How longD．When
（3）The meeting ____ for five hours．
A．has finishedB．has ended C．has been overD．has stopped
（4）When Jack arrived，he and Mary______ for almost an hour．
A．had goneB．had set off C．had leftD．had been away
（5）The baby ____ for eleven hours．
A．fell asleepB．has fallen asleep C．has got to sleep D．has been asleep
（6）While I ____ Beijing，it was raining very hard．
A．got toB．reached C．a(chǎn)rrived inD．visited
（7）—How long have you ____ ？
—Since two years ago．
A．fallen illB．been ill C．left homeD．married
（8）—What was the party like？
—Wonderful．It's years ____ I enjoyed myself so much．
A．a(chǎn)fterB．when C．beforeD．since
（9）—It is weeks since he ____ ．
—So it is．We'd better ask someone else to help us．
A．fell illB．was ill C．is illD．has been ill
（10）I'll lend you my book，but you can only＿＿it for three days．
A．borrowB．keep C．takeD．got
